The Global Cancer Burden Of Cancer - 1946 Words

Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. (Organization, 2004) The burden of cancer is increasing in economically developing countries as a result of population aging and growth as well as, increasingly, an adoption of cancer-associated lifestyle choices including smoking, physical inactivity, and â€Å"westernized† diets. In this article, we provide an overview of the global cancer burden, including the estimated number of new cancer cases and deaths in 2008 and the incidence and mortality rates by region for selected cancer sites. These statistics are based on GLOBOCAN 2008, the standard set of worldwide estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for 2008. We comment on the recent incidence and mortality patterns observed for a number of common cancer forms, alongside established preventive measures that can reduce the worldwide cancer burden. (Jemal, et al., 2011) Incidence data (the number of newly diagnosed cases each year) are derived from population-based cancer registries, which may cover entire national populations but more often cover smaller, subnational areas, and, particularly in developing countries, only urban environments, such as major cities. Although the quality of information from most of the developing countries might be considered, in relative terms, of limited quality, it oftenShow MoreRelatedGlobal Burden Of Disease : Cervical Cancer1011 Words   |  5 PagesSleiman Dr. Baker and Dr. Story International Health 3 November 2016 Global Burden of Disease – Cervical Cancer On a global scale, cancer is now responsible for double the amount of annual deaths than malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS combined, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2016). With cancer rates now increasing rapidly in developing countries, the World Health Organization has predicted that the amount of cancer deaths worldwide will increase by 80% by 2030 (WHO, 2012). Most ofRead MorePrevention Of Cancer And Early Detection1293 Words   |  6 PagesOctober is Breast Cancer Awareness month and it is just timely that I would like to delve into one most of the debilitating chronic diseases worldwide. Cancer affects millions of people in all ages, various races, and all walks of life. all forms of media, prevention of cancer and early detection has been propped up to increase public awareness and improve the quality of life of those people suffering from this serious condition. The aforementioned topic has caught my eye especially recentlyRead MoreThe Case Study Of Colon And Rectal Cancer772 Words   |  4 Pagesand rectum cancer is ranked third for cancer incidence and fourth for cancer death globally in 2013. Further colon and rectum cancer ranked second for incidence and mortality for developed countries and ranked fourth for both incidence and mortality for developing countries. The Global burden of cancer study showed that colon and rectal cancer was the fourth leading cause for cancer related years life lost between 1990 and 2013. The number of people diagnosed with colon and rectal cancer doubled fromRead MoreThe Issue Of Breast Cancer830 Words   |  4 Pagesbreast cancer affecting many individuals is a growing one. At the present time period it is now found that one in every eight women will be told they have breast cancer (â€Å"National Breast Cancer Foundation†, 2012). Therefore there is a significant amount of research going into this area. In addition, to the large amount of women and smaller amount of men who will be potentially diagnosed with breast cancer has become a global burden because those with metastatic cancer will eventually have cancer cellsRead MoreThe Causes Of Non-Communicable Diseases ( NCD )1117 Words   |  5 Pagesare also called chronic diseases because they tend to be diseases that have long durations. The global burden of NCDs accounts for about 70% of all global deaths annually (WHO, 2017). The burden of NCDs affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately when compared to high-income countries. With about three quarters of the global burden NCD deaths occur in LMICs (WHO, 2017). Cancers, cardiovascular diseases (such as stroke and heart attacks), diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseasesRead MoreObesity : The Current State Of Obesity1518 Words   |  7 Pageslevels, cancer, infertility, back pain, skin infections, ulcers, and gallstones. These arevery serious dise ases that could easily take one s life, or drastically change it for the worse. Taking away these risks could help elongate the lives of Americans. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths. At least 2.8 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the ischemic heart disease burden and betweenRead MoreThe Current State Of Obesity1526 Words   |  7 Pageslevels, cancer, infertility, back pain, skin infections, ulcers, and gallstones. These arevery serious diseases that could easily take one s life, or drastically change it for the worse. Taking away these risks could help elongate the lives of Americans. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths. At least 2.8 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the ischemic heart disease burden and betweenRead MoreCervical Cancer : A Preventab le Death1182 Words   |  5 PagesCERVICAL CANCER – A PREVENTABLE DEATH Introduction Research on cervical cancer reached a turning point when German virologist Harald zur Hausen discovered that women became susceptible to developing cervical cancer following HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infection. Awarded with half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008, Harald zur Hausen presented novel human papilloma viruses as key contributors to the cancer, as HPV type 16 and 18 genomes and expression of its specific DNA genes mergedRead MoreJapan Is The Issue Of Heavy Alcohol Consumption927 Words   |  4 Pageseffect this otherwise healthy country. Some of the main health issues that the Western Pacific Region Organization has addressed to Japan is the issue of heavy alcohol consumption, leading to high-risk ailments such as alcohol-related Oesophageal cancer. The Japanese population is at serious risk of alcoholic related diseases unless they lower their average consumption of alcohol. Through The World Health Organization’s precautions and treatments, Japan w ill able to prevent the ailments that comeRead MoreImproving The Mortality And Morbidity Of Cardiovascular Disease980 Words   |  4 Pages stress monitoring, heart changes monitoring, radiological procedures, and labs that could target specific cardiac markers Hsieh et al., 2012). 2. Tobacco use kills millions of people each year. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer (CDC, 2011). Tobacco control and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended the implementation of smoke-free policies to decrease the dangers of second hand smoking and smoke exposure (WHO, 2015). The IOM recommended increasing awareness about the

Edna St. Vincent Millays Sonnet I, Being Born a Woman...

Edna St. Vincent Millays Sonnet I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed Edna St. Vincent Millay’s sonnet, â€Å"I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed,† serves as an excellent example of a multi-faceted piece. From one angle, it is simply a Petrarchan sonnet, written with a slight variation on rhyme scheme – but that variation, taken deeper, reveals new layers of meaning. Added to Millay’s choice of meter and end-stop, along with a background of Millay’s person, this sonnet seems not so â€Å"simple† after all. Millay, though she married in 1923, was known to have extramarital affairs, purportedly with both women and men. (wikipedia.com) In the context of this particular sonnet, such seems revealing indeed – for it seems the speaker of†¦show more content†¦In Wordsworth’s sonnet, he uses only the four rhymes to show that, even in constraining himself, he is still free. He may be confined to a cell or a rhyme scheme, but it is in such confinements that he finds liberty. Millay, too, is playing off of this idea – simply by being a woman she is confined by society, but through her poetry she can recognized for the brilliant writer she is; hence, she quite literally frees her poetic reputation by constraining herself to such strict bounds. The irony in this reference to Wordsworth’s work, however, is the contrasting subject matters – he writes of metaphorical nuns, while she writes of rejection and lovers. The second interpretation of Millay’s constrained rhyme scheme is a fair bit simpler. Her choice of words throughout the work is calm and cool – distanced from the audience. There is none of the anger that usually accompanies a lovers’ breakup; Millay is reserved, restraining her emotions. This translates through to her rhyme scheme, which is also reserved. Here, she pulls back both from her lover, and from tradition. The sonnet’s meter, on the other hand, is a bit more erratic, and betrays more feeling. Most of the piece is in a steady iambic pentameter, but it varies – four times – just after the â€Å"turn† (line 8) of the sonnet. Three ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Aunt Jennifers Tigers By Adrienne Rich1103 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† by Adrienne Rich and â€Å"[I, being born a woman and distressed]† by Edna St. Vincent Millay are two poems prevalently known to address feminist issues. While both poems share a common theme, they offer significantly different points of view concerning agency. The fear and sorrow described in â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† evoke ideas of misogyny and objectification, while the boldness spoken in â€Å"[I, being born a woman and distressed]† suggests increased women’s agency and empowermentRead MoreNora Was A Poor Wife1465 Words   |  6 Pageswas to flee. Too often people run away from situations that seem difficult and absolve themselves of any responsibility. Nora chose this action because she believed that what was it meant to be strong. Having observed the behavior of men, who she as being powerful and self-directed, she interpreted that behavior as selfish and then credited her own selfish behavior as powerful. She did so: Ignoring the fact that she was abandoning her family, ignoring how she was abandoning any responsibility for her

Strategies for Online Success Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write an Essay Evaluating the Current Role and Practices of Digital Marketing in today. Answer: Digital marketing: It is a very well-known fact that our world is getting digitalized slowly with a very fast pace. Most of the people are using the digital content for getting day to day information from the sources like their mobile phones, laptops, computers etc. this concept of digitalization has put its steps into marketing also. Many companies are using this technology p digital marketing via different medium such as blogs, online websites, social networking sites etc. the below discussion provide the clear of picture of the ole of digital marketing for todays businesses and its importance for the businesses and the consumers (Weber, 2009). If the old generation is considered, they might do not have any issues with the traditional marketing strategies that involve TV, radio advertisements etc. but those who have grown up in this digital world cannot accept the limitation of advertising to these traditional mediums. Therefore, it is necessary for todays businesses to digitalize their marketing str ategies and techniques as well. Marketing is an important process and function of the any organization. The owners of the businesses in earlier times create awareness about their products through newspapers and word of mouth (Armstrong, Kotler, Harker and Brennan, 2012). Digitalization of this function is advancement in the businesses of today. Popularity of digital marketing is because of the use of mass media and internet. If the tools of digital marketing are considered, SEO is the most common and the beneficial tool used by any organizations these days (Parkin, 2009). SEO refers to Search engine Optimization. The major role of this tool is to maximize the probability o getting searched by the search engines like Google. It helps in determining the raking of the websites of the businesses. Digital marketing plays many roles in favor of the organizations. Digital marketing practices and tool act as the medium to enhance the number of clients as well as customers for the firm. This is because of the inclusion of social media networking in the digital marketing practices. Through social media, many clients that are sitting at distant also can connect and the companies can even connect to their customers directly. Social media is the part of digital marketing that is very much underestimated by some of the analysts. This is because it is considered as the casual medium of connections, but it is not so. The likes and the comment on social media determined the trust and loyalty of the customers towards the brands (Chaffey, Smith and Smith, 2012). Thus, it cat as the measurable tool to measure the trust of the customers towards the company. As a customer, the people have so many choices and availability of products. This makes it very difficult for the customers to create that brand image and traffic for their products in the market. Advertising through online medium provide them that facility to create such traffic in cost effective manner. In terms of measuring the returns, online adverting is the medium that facilitates the companies to measure the ROI on advertisement very easily without many efforts. The digital marketing practices are generating employment fir the people and making the world digitalized. The population of the world id becoming techno savvy and involvement of digitalized marketing in the businesses is helping the people to update their knowledge regarding the same. As far as the key characteristics of digital marketing considered, it has been analyzed that the speed, navigation and accessibility of the digital marketing tool as such that it acts as the most effective method to market the products. Digitalization in marketing helps the companies to compete with their customers openly. This is because all the firms in the industry come on the same platform and compete with each other. This makes it easy for the customers also to choose one of the best for them (Manafy and Gautschi, 2011). Digital marketing tools such as Google alerts help the smaller firms to monitor the competitor firms in their industry in order to learn strategies from them. As far as the future of digitalization s considered, it is expected to be very bright for the people as well as for the businesses. Digitalization in most of the functions of business is changing the skill need of the organization and thus the employees. The employees in future will try to achieve the skills that are technologically updated rather the having the theoretical knowledge of the subjects. This is because it will be the requirements of the businesses in future (Constantinides and Fountain, 2008). After analyzing the situation of present businesses and their interest towards digitalization, it is being predicted that the traditional use of newspapers and radios will be vanished soon and thus create opportunities for IT companies to develop more and more applications for the companies to market their products. Digitalization can also play a great role in upgrading the education system as business. If the ethical consideration towards digital marketing is analyzed, it has been identified that this marketing tool can be practiced as the medium fir performing unethical activities. The major concern in todays world is of the privacy concern, the privacy of the customers details. Most of the cases have been identified regarding online frauds and some of the websites that aces the data of the customers debit or credit card and use it unethically (Argenti and Barnes, 2009). With the advancement in the digitalization, the government should take steps to monitor such unethical practices like leaking the private data or accessing the credit and debit card credentials should not be practiced. This is the reason why some of the people still do not believe on practices like online shopping. To summarize, it can be said that digital marketing is the boon for the businesses today. This is because it facilitates them to perform the marketing activities on large scale with cost effective manner (Blanger and Crossler, 2011). It also helps in making a brand image of the firm and digital marketing play a very important part of the company's functioning. Some of the unethical practices that are associated with digital marketing are privacy and accessing data should be monitored by the government so as to continue the use of this efficient technology for marketing References: Argenti, P.A. and Barnes, C.M., 2009.Digital strategies for powerful corporate communications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2012.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Prentice-Hall, London. Blanger, F. and Crossler, R.E., 2011. Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy research in information systems.MIS quarterly,35(4), pp.1017-1042. Chaffey, D., Smith, P.R. and Smith, P.R., 2012.eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Routledge. Constantinides, E. and Fountain, S.J., 2008. Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues.Journal of direct, data and digital marketing practice,9(3), pp.231-244. Manafy, M. and Gautschi, H., 2011.Dancing with digital natives: Staying in step with the generation that's transforming the way business is done. Information Today, Inc.. Parkin, G., 2009.Digital marketing: Strategies for online success. New Holland Pub Ltd. Weber, L., 2009.Marketing to the social web: How digital customer communities build your business. John Wiley Sons.

Lasts free essay sample

I hopped off the bus at Brush Lake, and felt the chilly morning air pinch my skin. This was the school forest I had been coming to for as long as I could remember. I felt strange knowing this would probably be the last time I’d ever come to Brush Lake on a field trip with my classmates, or come to the forest at all. In the sunlight, the dewy grass glistened like diamonds. The forest surrounded me. A state of change. The trees surrounding me had various colors of leaves. The leaves were shades of yellow, green, and brown. Dying plant life slouched toward the wet ground. I was chilled from the frosty morning air and decided to sit in the sunshine while taking in the forest. There were two paths to take in the forest, but either way, they both ended taking you full circle. I took the left path and wandered around. We will write a custom essay sample on Lasts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A sea of leaves lay across the forest floor. On a little trail to the left of the main path was a little circle of sunshine. I decided to sit there and soak in the sun. As I sat, a leaf fluttered down, landing on my blanket. This caused me to glance up. I noticed a small tree, only about eight or nine feet in height. It was skinny – only about the width of two or three of my fingers. It had little patches of green moss dotting its trunk, from the bottom to the top. At the top were little branches filled with bright leaves. This small tree would eventually grow to reach the height and fullness of the trees surrounding it. It was beginning the process of losing its leaves for the season. As a senior in high school I will experience several lasts. The things I’ve known forever will slowly start to end, just as the leaves on the little tree will slowly start to fall off. I smelled the crisp autumn air as it gently blew around me. The musky wood-like scent reminded me that summer has ended, and soon I will face several endings myself. The first of many lasts I will experience are the sports I participate in. They’ve had a significant impact on my life. I’ve spent countless hours practicing and preparing for tennis matches and track meets. Before I know it, I’ll serve my last ball, and cross the finish line of my last race. A huge part of my life will be over. A leaf blew off the little tree and fell to the ground. I gazed out at the path and smiled to myself, knowing my classmates and I contributed to wearing down the paths over the years.My time spent with my friends will come to a close. In the blink of an eye, the lights on the football field will turn off, and all the cheering alongside my friends and classmates at the Friday night football games will disappear. Time spent sitting in my friends’ bedrooms, laughing, talking, and doing anything but homework will be gone. The smell of bonfire smoke on my clothes after a night with my friends will fade away. Another leaf dropped to the forest floor. I looked up at the trees towering above me, protecting and giving me shelter, reminding me of my parents. My time spent with them is winding down. Mornings spent eating breakfast together before school, discussing what the week’s agenda holds, slowly slip away as each day passes. Talks and hugs from mom after a tough day, my dad cracking jokes to make me feel better, will soon turn into long-distance phone calls. Another leaf floated to the ground. I glanced around at all the beautiful colored leaves in the midst of their changing. Once they fall from the tree, nothing will be the same. That exact leaf will never be placed on that tree again. Once I graduate, I’ll never be a student at my high school again. The school will no longer be my tree. My last day of school will roll around quickly. Gradation will be my biggest last of all. I will sit in my black cap and gown, listening to speeches about the years spent at this school and the life that is only beginning. Once I walk across the stage to receive my diploma, the familiar halls and faces of my teachers and classmates will become a distant memory. The last leaf fell to the ground. As I approach all these lasts in my life I will think of the little tree I observed on that chilly fall morning. I know that even though the tree is losing all its leaves, it’s getting ready to grow new ones. It will continue to grow bigger and gain more branches and leaves as the seasons pass. High school ending is only the beginning for me. I have anxiety about these changes. It won’t be easy, but I know the best is yet to come. I won’t forget all the lessons I learned to get to this point. They have helped me grow to where I am now, but it is not the end of my growing. I will go off into the world and meet new people and gain new experiences, just as the little tree will continue to grow bigger and taller, as each year passes. My time in the forest came to an end. As I walked back toward the bus, I took a fleeting look around the beautiful forest one last time. I no longer saw the forest as dying, but rather as a new beginning. I glanced out the bus window and felt a sense of calm wash over me. The sun shone brightly through the branches as the vibrant leaves gracefully floated to the ground.

Who Are Teenagers Essays

Who Are Teenagers Essays Who Are Teenagers Essay Who Are Teenagers Essay Teenagers are not what you just see! Yes, i agree that some teenagers have personalities that are similar to specific stereotypes, but you cannot judge someone just by the way they look, and you definitely should not judge an entire population with just a small proportion! There have been many times where teenagers appear in movies, and they are not just based off a stereotype. Some examples are the .students from the movie â€Å"The Breakfast Club†. They are Bender (the criminal), Brian (the brain), Andrew (the athlete), Claire (the princess), and Allison (the basket case). If you were casually walking towards a grocery to buy food and saw a teenager who you would call a ‘gangsta’, judging by the clothes he wore and the way he walked, he could be nice and caring on the inside. An example of this is Bender from the Breakfast Club. He is the ‘criminal’. At the beginning of the movie, he acts ruthless and seems like he does not care about anything. He swears, and talks back to Mr. Vernon in a rude way, showing a lack of respect. Later in the movie, he ends out helping the group by distracting Mr. Vernon to allow them to escape. He also creates relationships with the group. Additionally, Brian from ‘The Breakfast Club’ has the stereotype of a nerd. By looking at his appearance, you could tell that he is weak and obedient. When Bender gestures Brian to move out of his seat so that he could sit there, Brian moves without saying anything. When Mr. Vernon insults him after he corrects him, Brian does not say anything back, he stays quiet. He breaks his stereotype when he sneaks out of the room with the group to get marijuana. Later in the movie, he smokes it. Andrew is a sporty student who knows how to defend himself. When Bender insults him, he talks back. At one point, they start a small fight and Andrew wrestles Bender to the floor. His stereotype is broken near the end of the movie when the group gets together and talks. Andrew admits how he regrets pranking the kid and starts crying. He also tells the group about how he hates his father encouraging him to screw around at school. There is a stereotype where a teenager has wealthy parents and spoil their child. An example of this is paying teachers so that their child avoids punishment like detention. The child is genuinely popular and avoids people that he/she does not like, judging by appearance. An example of someone with this stereotype is Claire. At the start of the film, she says to her dad, â€Å"I can’t believe you couldn’t get me out of this†. A few minutes later into the movie, she tells Mr. Vernon that she does not want to be in the room, she wants to avoid the others. Her stereotype is broken when she tells the others that she hates it when her friends tell her to do things. The last member of the group from ‘The Breakfast Club’ is Allison. She has the stereotype of a wierdo. She is also a thief. Her stereotype is shown when she takes out the ham from her sandwich, and pours sugar and chips into it. It is also weird how she slurps coke from the table. Evidence of her being a thief is when she takes a lock and Andrew’s wallet. However, there is more to her than just a wierdo; she eventually communicates with the group and becomes friends with them. To summarise, teenagers have more to them than stereotypes. Evidence of this appears in the movie, ‘The Breakfast Club’. I hope you adults understand!

Yale School of Management Programs and Admissions

Yale School of Management Programs and Admissions Yale School of Management, also known as Yale SOM, is part of Yale University, a private research university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Although  Yale University is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the United States, the School of Management wasnt founded until the 1970s and didnt begin offering an MBA program until 1999. Although Yale School of Management hasnt been around nearly as long as some business and management schools, it is very well-known and has a reputation for being one of the best business schools in the world. Yale School of Management is one of six Ivy League business schools in the United States. It is also one of the M7, an informal network of elite business schools.   Yale School of Management Programs Yale School of Management offers a wide range of business education programs for students at the graduate level. Degree programs include the  Full-Time MBA program, MBA for Executives program,  Master of Advanced Management program,  PhD program and  Joint Degree programs.  Non-degree programs include Executive Education programs.   Full-Time MBA Program The Full-Time MBA program at Yale School of Management has an integrated curriculum that teaches not only management fundamentals, but also big picture perspectives to help you understand organizations and business as a whole. Much of the curriculum relies on raw cases, which provide you with robust data to help you learn how to make tough decisions in real-world business scenarios. Students who want to apply to the Full-Time MBA program Yale School of Management must submit an online application between July and April. Yale School of Management has round applications, which means that there are multiple application deadlines. To apply, you need transcripts from every college you attended, two recommendation letters, and official GMAT or GRE scores. You must also submit an essay and answer several application questions so that the admissions committee can learn more about you and your desired career path. MBA for Executives Program The MBA for Executives program at Yale School of Management is a 22-month program for working professionals. Classes are held on the weekends (Fridays and Saturdays) on the Yale campus. About 75% of the curriculum is devoted to general business education; the remaining 25% is devoted to the students chosen area of focus. Like the Full-Time MBA program at Yale School of Management, the MBA for Executives program has an integrated curriculum and relies heavily on raw cases to teach students business principles. This program is designed for working professionals, so Yale School of Management does require you to maintain employment while enrolled at in the MBA for Executives program. To apply to this program, you need to submit GMAT, GRE or the Executive Assessment (EA) scores; a resume; two professional recommendations and two essays. You do not need to submit official transcripts to apply, but you will need to submit transcripts if you enroll. Joint Degree Programs The Joint Degree programs at Yale School of Management offer students the opportunity to earn an MBA degree in combination with a degree from another Yale school. Joint Degree options include: MBA/JD with Yale Law SchoolMBA/MEM or MF with Yale School of Forestry Environmental StudiesMBA/MA in Global Affairs with the Jackson Institute for Global AffairsMBA/MD with Yale School of MedicineMBA/MPH with Yale School of Public Health   MBA/MARCH with Yale School of ArchitectureMBA/MFA with Yale School of DramaMBA/MDIV or MAR with Yale Divinity SchoolMBA/PhD with Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Some Joint Degree programs have two-year, three-year, and four-year options. Curriculum and application requirements vary by program. Visit the Yale School of Management website to learn more. Master of Advanced Management Program The Master of Advanced Management (MAM) program at Yale School of Management is a one-year degree program specifically for graduates of Global Network for Advanced Management member schools. The program is meant to provide advanced management education to exceptional students who have already earned an MBA degree. About 20% of the MAM curriculum consists of core courses, while the other 80% of the program is devoted to electives. To apply to the MAM program at Yale School of Management, you need an MBA or an equivalent degree from a Global Network for Advanced Management member school. You will also need to submit one professional recommendation, official transcripts and standardized test scores from one of the following tests: GMAT, GRE, PAEP, China’s MBA Entrance Exam or ieGAT. PhD Program The PhD program at Yale School of Management provides advanced business and management education for students who are seeking a career in academia. Students take 14 courses over the first two years and then work with the Director of Graduate Studies and faculty members to select additional courses to take over their remaining time in the program. Areas of focus on the PhD program include organizations and management, accounting, finance, operations and quantitative marketing. Students who are able to keep up with the demands of the program receive full financial aid. Applications for the PhD Program at Yale School of Management are accepted once each year. The deadline to apply is in early January of the year you wish to attend. To apply, you must submit three academic recommendations, GRE or GMAT scores and official transcripts. Published papers and writing samples are not required, but can be submitted to support other application materials. Executive Education Programs The Executive Education programs at Yale School of Management are open enrollment programs that put students in a room with accomplished Yale faculty members who are leaders in their respective fields. Programs focus on a variety of business and management topics and are available to both individuals and companies throughout the year. Custom programs are also available and can be tailored to the needs of each company. All of the Executive Education programs at Yale School of Management feature an integrated curriculum to help students master fundamentals and gain big picture perspectives.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Management - Essay Example In the contemporary business language, that term has been replaced by HRM, while its description has remained the same. Management of people involves such tasks as hiring and adjusting them, assigning them their respective tasks, and addressing their needs. All of these functions are performed by HR department. So, HR function has a cardinal role to play in the management of people within an organization. What is the role of the first line supervisor or manager in managing people within an organization? First line managers in an organization have a direct interaction with the workers that practically work in the field. First line managers are assigned the responsibility to look after the needs of workers and manage them in the way that would keep the work flowing smoothly. They are directed to do so by the middle managers who are in turn, instructed by the top managers. First line managers make sure that there is sufficient material and equipment available on site, workers are adequa tely allotted their respective tasks, their productivity is up to the mark, they are dropped into and carried from the site without any inconvenience and are provided with food, leave passes and compensation. All of these and such other works are included under the umbrella term of â€Å"management†. As a first line manager looks after all these factors for the workers, he essentially plays a very important role in managing the people within an organization. ... This is what is taken care of by the first line managers. They look after the lowest side of the overall picture so that the progress remains consistent with the strategies of the top managers. Who is responsible for ensuring all HR policies and practices are implemented within the organization? In any organization, the responsibility of ensuring adequate implementation of all HR policies and practices fundamentally rests with the Director of the HR department. The director is supposed to advise the managers regarding various matters of huge significance to the organization. As HR department formulates the strategies, policies and practices to facilitate the work, the HR Director is answerable to the organization owners and/or top managers for their effective implementation and follow up. The director is at the top of the HR department, and is responsible for all actions and activities of the HR department. It is quite reasonable to expect the HR Director to take necessary measures f or adequate implementation of the policies and practices devised by the HR department. Who is responsible for the performance of employees within an organization? In any organization, it is the Human Resource Manager (HRM), who is expected to look after the performance of employees and manage it. Employees perform best when they are satisfied. Employees derive their motivation for work from their satisfaction with various aspects of job. An employee can not be expected to perform adequately unless his/her individualistic concerns are addressed. There are several factors that need to be taken care of in order to keep the employees motivated. These factors include their salary, accommodation, work

Social and Cultural Impact on the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro Essay

Social and Cultural Impact on the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro - Essay Example â€Å"Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil is home to the world's most famous carnival, and what many people consider to be the world's biggest and best party. The basis of Rio’s Carnival is the samba schools, which social clubs are named after the famous Brazilian samba dance† (Richard 2011). Samba schools are found in various places of Rio de Janeiro, and competition between them is fierce. Members work all through the year to make the best floats, themes, costumes, and dance performances. â€Å"Education and rehabilitation are among the primary responsibilities that these samba schools undertake† (About Rio Samba Schools: Understand Overview of Samba Schools 2011). During the four day carnival, schools parade and struggle against each other in the Sambadrome, a building that can hold nearly 60,000 spectators. Millions of people get involved in merry making all through the city, especially on Rio's famous beaches, Copacabana and Ipanema. â€Å"Rio de Janeiro and the carn ival the two attractions are inseparable. Although the carnival in Rio is very commercial nowadays, it still is the carnival in Brazil, even though there are more authentic celebrations held elsewhere. Five days of samba and partying make the event as famous over the world as the World Cup or Olympics. Rio de Janeiro is also an attraction worth of seeing† (Tourism in Brazil Essay 2012). Social Impact on the Carnival of Rio De Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro is remembered for its strange natural beauty and excitement of popular culture. â€Å"Carnival has a different effect on each person, but it was created just with one objective for everyone, and that is to have a lot of fun, to forget our routine life, worries, responsibilities and to adventure at least once in our lives, because this experience no one will ever forget† (Kathyvargas 2004). The city is also marked by tremendous differences, reflecting a high degree of social disparity. The gap between the poor and the rich an d their close geographic nearness, characterized Rio. â€Å"Rio de Janeiro has major social problems, in the same neighborhood, such as Gavea for example, there is a difference that has developed over 60 years. Opposing realities are seen within a few meters of each other. On one side we have the upper class, with its mansions and high levels of education, and on the other side groups who in poor conditions, living in shacks, without even a basic education† (Social Problems in Rio De Janeiro 2012). This chasm of disparity makes many other impacts in the day-to-day city life. Crime, violence, police corruption, drug trafficking, deficiencies in health, inefficient transportation systems defective and education form the crux of Rio’s daily routine. The city has high levels of crime, particularly homicides. â€Å"Between 1978 and 2000, almost 50,000† (The Top 10 Most Dangerous City Breaks 2012) citizens were killed in Rio, the majority of victims being affected by stray bullets, and drug trafficking. There is a huge burden of teenage homicides, the age for the majority at risk in the drug gangs for and those who endure most from police fighting. â€Å"In 2010, Rio received 800.000 visitors during carnival which represents an R$ 950 million industry for the city† (Carnival of Rio De Janeiro 2012). Urban violence is an increasing problem that that has influenced every

Free

Freedom to live Essay During the ancient times before imprisonment, there were executions and executions only which were rather completed by stoning. There were consisted of several reasons as to why the capital punishment was needed. The United States inherited its use of capital punishment from the European settlers in the seventeenth century but in the eighteenth century, German philosopher Immanuel Kant appealed that execution was the â€Å"fairest punishment for murder†. He presented that it is the most suitable punishment for those who have committed murder and that a person who has done wrong should suffer for it. Arguing that killers should â€Å"die in order to gain release from their suffering†, including that the crime must fit the punishment. Arguments against the death penalty expose capital punishment for what some believe is a reasonable punishment, while others view it as revenge disguised as justice but overall, is continuously an issue that would not be equally discussed and abolished world-wide. Disagreements about the death penalty mostly turn on issues of fairness, morality and effectiveness. There consists of endless reasons as to why the death penalty is to be abolished. One of many is that executions cost more than life in prison. According to Statistic Brain, it costs nearly 2 million per person to be executed, all which consists of maximum security, counsel for defense and others. Another popular point is that the innocent may be wrongly executed. This is a high risk because evidence, DNA, and witness statements are not one hundred percent reliable. A slightly relevant case was a falsely executed man named Cameron Todd Willingham. He was executed in Texas, known to be the number one state with the highest rate of executions. He was accused of allegedly setting his house on fire that killed his three young daughters. He repeatedly claimed his innocence and the arson investigator was questioned right before Willingham’s’ execution. After his execution, an investigative report discovered the fire was an accident. Several reasons include that the death penalty punishment does not  necessarily decrease the crime rate, that life in prison also guarantees no future crimes, some religions forbid death penalty, killing is wrong even through a punishment, that it violates international human rights laws and that it promotes killing as a satisfactory solution to a difficult problem. A common factor as to why people oppose the death penalty is because of the cruelty of the act itself, such as the common contemporary methods of execution, such as by shooting, hanging, using gas, electrocution and lethal injection. According Amnesty International who are strong non-advocates of the death penalty, capital punishment is the decisive rejection of human rights. It is the â€Å"premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state†. Half the amounts of US States have banned the death penalty for example New York, finding it unconstitutional. In Just Revenge by Mark Costanzo, he states that most Americans are supportive of the death penalty in the abstract by simply wanting the government to take care of it, â€Å"cleanly and efficiently, in a distant prison†. He questions that â€Å"is it morally acceptable to subject murderers to psychological torture before we kill them?†. While others assure it is a harsh, inhuman and undignified punishment done â€Å"in the name of justice†, including that inflicting punishment on wrongdoers discourages others from wrong doing. Some may say that the death penalty is a way to lash back at those who have harmed us, but coo peratively we must be more reasonable and humane than those who commit the act themselves. Those who favor the death penalty argue that if there were no death penalty to hold over the head of prisoners, those who have been sentenced to life without parole would be free to commit whatever crimes they chose without fear of increased punishment. Death penalty supporters often press two claims of executing murderers. The first is that it is injustice to the victims of murder if we do not execute their murders. The second claim is that the death penalty is needed to frighten potential murderers. Fear of the execution chamber will restrain potential murders, knowing they could face the executioner and that those who otherwise kill will stop and innocent lives would be saved. Another factor as to why the death penalty is justified is it giving closure to victims’ families who have suffered tremendously from the loss of their loved one. And also a prisoner can escape prison and give them another chance to kill. The death penalty is said to be needed to protect society from those who would kill again. Many of these factors which relate back to revenge. In some cases, the capital punishment is a â€Å"risk taker†. There are certain cases in which killing a criminal can lead to questioning as to whether or not the individual was guilty of the crime. The death penalty fails to effectively build up a society that is free from crime. Furthermore, it does not relieve the pain and loss of the victims or their families. States have made many proposals as to why capital punishment is wrong. As citizens, the death penalty does not alleviate the fear of violent crime or better safe-guard the people and is not imposed with fairness. Pope John Paul II made a very clear point in a statement he made about the death penalty. He stated â€Å"the death penalty does not allow the opportunity for the spiritual and human reconciliation with the victim† and also that â€Å"we cannot teach that killing is wrong by killing†. This quote is a very good example to supporting the idea of abolishing the death penalty that we cannot teach that murdering an individual is wrong by killing a criminal. Depending on the country, there are different views as to whether the death penalty should be abolished or not. The factors on both sides of the argument have led to the abolition of the death penalty in Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine has put a pause to its punishment of the death penalty, as well as South Africa, whose parliament voted to formally abolish the death penalty, which had earlier been declared unconstitutional by the constitutional court. Their constitutional court believes that death is the most extreme form of punishment. They believe every individual has the right to life, dignity, public opinion. Not only is this an issue in the United States, but very well around the world. In India, the Indian Penal Code authorizes the imposition of the death sentence as a penalty of murder. Although it is nearly impossible for the abolishment of the death penalty to be equalized and understood by both sides of the arguments, the ideas and opinions shall never fade. With several states not having the death penalty, the real question is whether or not we need the death penalty. Capital punishment is not the core of our criminal system; its only one aspect of it. Only a small percentage of murderers are sentenced to death, and only a small percentage of that are executed. The real question is whether we insist on keeping the death penalty even though we don’t need it. WORK CITED End Capital Punishment. Abolish the Death Penalty. Amnesty International USA, 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. Costanzo, Mark. Just Revenge: Costs and Consequences of the Death Penalty. New York: St. Martins, 1997. Print. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Death Penalty Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. Statistic Brain Research Institute, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. Kronenwetter, Michael. Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. Print.

Individual and Society: The Womens Movement Essay -- Essays Papers

Individual and Society: The Women's Movement The role of women is like any other factor that determines the advancement of society as a whole; it is continually changing and affecting its surroundings at the same time. From beginning as unimportant citizens, to creating a strong feminist movement, to the "picture-perfect," subservient housewife, and finally to an opinionated, self-sufficient human being who has a variety of options, women have drastically changed their role in a male-dominated society. It is through these several stages of history that the significance of women's rights has progressed and presently placed them in positions with power. As a group, women have survived tremendous variations in lifestyles, showing their importance as individuals in society. Historically, women have moved from being one of the lowest statures in culture to a dignified class of people who are now nearly equivalent to men. It is the nature of human beings, though, to not always defend and follow the laws of society and thus discrimination against women still exists. However, the development of women's rights has come a long way since the limited views held by those in power in the Old Regime. The basic philosophy of earlier times showed no consideration for the female sex and little concern for their well-being. Not until the women's movement, which began around the mid-nineteenth century, did women start to progress as an individual group demanding rights and privileges. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 met "to consider the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women."(1) Beginnings of a stage of realization for the need for improvement were starting to appear and a willingness to attempt to better their st... ...le River: Prentince Hall, 1997), 493. 8. Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique (1963)" in Perry M. Rogers, ed., Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History. (Upper Saddle River: Prentince Hall, 1997), 508. 9. Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique (1963)" in Perry M. Rogers, ed., Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History. (Upper Saddle River: Prentince Hall, 1997), 509. 10. "United Nations Declaration of Women's Rights (1967)" in Perry M. Rogers, ed., Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History. (Upper Saddle River: Prentince Hall, 1997), 510. 11. "United Nations Declaration of Women's Rights (1967)" in Perry M. Rogers, ed., Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History. (Upper Saddle River: Prentince Hall, 1997), 511-512.

Negligence Definition Essay

A failure to behave with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances. The behavior usually consists of actions, but can also consist of omissions when there is some duty to act (e.g., a duty to help victims of one’s previous conduct). OVERVIEW Primary factors to consider in ascertaining whether the person’s conduct lacks reasonable care are the foreseeable likelihood that the person’s conduct will result in harm, the foreseeable severity of harm that may ensue, and the burden of precautions to eliminate or reduce the risk of harm. See Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical Harm  § 3 (P.F.D. No. 1, 2005). Negligent conduct may consist of either an act, or an omission to act when there is a duty to do so. See Restatement (Second) of Torts  § 282 (1965). Five elements are required to establish a prima facie case of negligence: the existence of a legal duty to exercise reasonable care; a failure to exercise reasonable care; cause in fact of physical harm by the negligent conduct; physical harm in the form of actual damages; and proximate cause, a showing that the harm is within the scope of liability. Negligence is an actionable tort. This means that if one person’s carelessness causes an other personal injury, the injured party may sue to recover damages (money) for his or her injuries. The idea that a person can sue for negligence is a relatively new phenomenon, only about a century old. The reason for negligence’s late recognition is because common law traditionally recognized only intentional torts; that is, it held parties responsible for injuries that were the result of intentional acts. It was irrelevant that the actor did not intend to injure anyone, much less the injured party, but it only needed to be shown that the actor intended the action that caused the injury. In these cases, evidence of who caused what injury was affirmative, direct, and fairly objective. The concept of permitting someone to recover damages for injuries caused by someone’s lack of action or failure to do something was a revolutionary concept. Since its recognition as an action in tort, negligence has become a major source of very large jury awards. It is the root of all product liability cases. When  people complain about our legal system and the outrageous verdicts being awarded nowadays, they are speaking about negligence. Originally, negligence was recognized by the courts as part of the common law. Over time, as causes of action became more numerous and as damages became larger, various efforts were undertaken to limit the appeal of negligence lawsuits. The doctrine of contributory negligence eventually evolved, in some states, into a system of comparative fault that permitted recovery on a completely relative scale. Thus, in an accident one could be 90 percent at fault for one’s own personal injury and still sue to recover the 10 percent of the damages suffered that were caused by the other party.

BA Applied Psychology

All of us have different journeys in life. We have different hopes and dreams that we cling on to motivate us strive hard to mark the goal. As a woman, I am fond of children and different kinds of personalities. I am just amazed how God create these people with different persona. They inspire me a lot. The children’s different personalities, simplicity and innocence are truly admirable. I look at them as special gifts from God that needs to be taken care of since they are also the hopes of our tomorrow.We should train them to where they should go and when they are old, they will not depart from it. Training these children with good values and morals in an early age really help them to be better citizens of our country. Moreover, the time has come to me when it is my turn to have mine. Life would not be as happy as today when I am able to have my own child. It is a great fulfillment in my part as a woman and as a person who loves children very dearly. God gives me a son on June 1, 2006 and he is 14 months old now.His ways really brought joy to me and I can say that as small as he is, his personality is totally one of a kind. Seeing him growing everyday makes my heart grow fonder. I just love being a mother and showing care to this tiny gift totally brought joy to my life. I have many plans for him and one of these plans is to use my education in psychology to raise him well as an individual. Beforehand, I am teaching piano lessons to different age groups. I am privilege to teach many children as well as adults and I love seeing all of their different personalities.Some of them are inclined to music and some are not. Some are fast learners; some are not. In every individual I meet, while teaching piano lessons, it just proves that people have different personalities and it interest me to know more about it. This interest in knowing different personalities more motivates me to study BA in Applied Psychology. In addition to this, I strongly believe that BA i n Applied Psychology will help me more efficient and equip in my field since I am currently working on a Bachelor’s in Social Work degree.

The Old Man and the Sea †by Earnest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea – by Earnest Hemingway Free Online Research Papers Ernest Hemingway, the author of The Old Man and the Sea, based a lot of his books on his life, friends, and family. I will briefly discuss some of these similarities between his life and his book The Old Man and the Sea. In the book, The Old Man and the Sea, the old man, Santiago, has excellent eyesight. In most of the story his eyes and eyesight are discussed as being good. In reality, Hemingway had very poor vision. He was even turned down by the US Army due to poor vision. Hemingway spent part of his life living in Cuba. He loved to fish off the coast in his boat named the Pilar. Hemingway later left Cuba and the Cuban government turned his estate into a museum. Santiago also lived in Havana, Cuba in the book. Hemingway had a special place he liked to go to and talk to others about fish and fishing stories. This place was called Sloppy Joe’s. Sloppy Joe’s was owned by Joe Russell. In The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago and others also had a similar meeting place. Santiago’s meeting place was the terrace. Hemingway also lived in Key West and would take frequent fishing trips to Cuba with Joe â€Å"Josie† Russell, a good friend and the owner of Sloppy Joe’s. While on one of these trips he met a man named Carlos Gutierrez. Carlos had been a marlin fisherman for nearly forty years. Hemingway thought that Carlos was an excellent storyteller. Today it is believed that Carlos may have been a prototype for Santiago, who also was a great marlin fisherman and a great storyteller in the book. These are just a few connections between Ernest Hemingway and his book. Many authors make similar connections in their books. If you are interested in other connection go to your nearest bookstore or library and search online or get a book on your author’s life and start searching for connections. Research Papers on "The Old Man and the Sea" - by Earnest HemingwayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Introduction to Online Teaching for English Teachers

Introduction to Online Teaching for English Teachers There has been huge growth in opportunities for online teaching for ESL/EFL teachers over the past few years. Heres a quick overview of the current situation, exciting opportunities in the pipeline and tips on sites that are currently offering online teaching possibilities. Online Teaching as an Independent Contractor Most online teaching opportunities provide work as an independent contractor. What this means is that there are no set hours and you can work as much or as little as you wish. Of course, thats also the catch- often there is little work to be had. The upside is that online teaching generally allows you to set your own prices on these services. Establish a top reputation in online teaching, and you can ask for a higher rate. Competition In the world of online teaching, there is a lot of competition, which sometimes leads to fewer hours. However, things are changing rapidly and more and more students are finding their way to the variety of online teaching venues. Here are some of the main sites that currently offer an online teaching opportunity: VIPKID: VIPKID focuses solely on teaching English online and handles all the lesson plans and client communications. Available to teachers from the U.S. and Canada, VIPKID has an application process that involves a mock lesson. Teachers that perform well will have a higher base salary. VIPKID offers additional bonuses and incentives. iTalki: This site started off as a place to find speaking partners in various languages via Skype. Now, its grown to include online teaching services in English. Online Teaching as an Employee There are a few companies that offer opportunities for paid online teaching positions. Of course, the competition is more intense for these positions, but the pay is steady. If you are an experienced teacher, comfortable with technology, would like to take advantage of online teaching, but desire a fixed schedule this is probably for you. The best place to look for one of these positions is TEFL.com. Creating an Online Teaching Business There are a number of teachers that have set up their own online teaching businesses over the past few years. A number of these businesses seem to be doing well. Youll need the ability to think like an entrepreneur (this includes marketing yourself, networking, developing contacts, etc.) If this appeals to you, it could also be the most lucrative online teaching arrangement - but it is hard work and can take quite a while to build up to the point where you have a steady stream of English learners. Basic Requirements To successfully participate in online teaching youll need to be able to do a few things well: Use technology with ease. Make sure that you dont waste students time while you learn the technology. This sounds quite obvious, but it is often a problem.Create a few lesson plans that focus on online teaching. Youll need a game plan for online teaching. Its not the same as teaching in a classroom.Spend some money on good technology for your online teaching. These days gadgets are cheap. Make sure to invest in a good camera, headphones and microphone. Youll also need a computer that can handle video/audio streaming so make sure you have enough RAM!Willingness to promote yourself. If you would like to compete with other teachers as an independent contractor, youll need to promote yourself through your profile, blog, YouTube, etc. Currently, students dont just show up and they have lots of choices. There are many preparations to make before you begin online teaching. This guide to teaching online will help you deal with the most important technological considerations. Finally, if you have had any experience with online teaching, please share your experiences so we can all learn.

US future markets and risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

US future markets and risk management - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to examine futures as risk management techniques companies could use to manage their risks. The paper first of all examines the risks companies are prune too before analyzing how the risks can be solved with futures.Today, bankers are increasingly becoming conscious about recent developments in their respective markets and have resorted into various method of managing risk in bank. Risk management appears to have improved in most sub-regions as a result of the introduction of new approaches in conducting business as well as better measurement and pricing of the various risks (BIS Paper No 33, 2005).According to BIS paper No.33, financial markets are subject to various sources of risk: credit, market, liquidity, operational and legal risks. These risks tend to be more pronounced in the developing world than in developed countries due to a lower level of economic, financial and institutional development.Credit risk tends to be more acute as a result of a lack o f highly rated counterparties. Market and liquidity risks are higher due to thinly traded markets. Operational risks may also be exacerbated because of inadequate human resources or the failure of manual, mechanical or electronic systems to process payments. Finally, legal risk may also be part of the environment (for instance, due to the inability to foreclose on collateral). The next section discusses credit risk and some of its components and how it can be managed.The aim of this paper is to examine futures as risk management techniques companies could use to manage their risks. ... dit risk; this is typically the most important form of risk for commercial banks Shapiro, 2003; Buckley, 1996; Muller and Verschoor, 2005; Solt and Wayne, 2001).Solt & Wayne (2001) argues that, in assessing credit risk, an institution needs to consider three issues: default probabilities over the horizon of the obligation, credit exposure (ie how large the obligation is when the default occurs) and the recovery rate (ie what part of the exposure may be recovered through bankruptcy proceedings or some other form of settlement) (Solt and Wayne, 2001). Credit risk is often difficult to assess due to the lack of information on the credit history and financial position of borrowers, inadequate accounting practices and standards that make it difficult to evaluate credit exposures, macroeconomic volatility and deficiencies in the institutional environment (e.g., political instability) (BIS Paper No.33, 2005). Weak enforcement of creditor rights may also contribute to uncertainty regarding recovery rates. Although many of these factors have been improving in recent years, progress in some cases is slow (Mohanty et al., (2006). Moreno (2006) highlights two key issues related to credit risk that are relevant for emerging market economies (EMEs). First, the distinct increase in the share of credit to the household sector that has been observed in a number of countries could lower credit risk if the concentration of bank assets fell, if consumer credit diversifies risk among a larger number of borrowers. 2.0 Risk Management In management of credit risk, I will focus only on the currency risk exposure aspect of credit risk. That is in a situation where credit is offered in multiple denominations of currency. Currency risk or foreign exchange exposure or better still foreign

Network Security Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Network Security - Term Paper Example (213) INTRODUCTION: It consists of various policies to prevent the misuse of the data or unauthorised access of the data by users who does not own it. Certain provisions and policies are made in this regard by the administrator, to ensure confidentiality of data .This system is so designed that authorization of access to data in a network is controlled by the network administrator only without interference of any other person. For this purpose, all users are given a separate ID i.e. the identity of the individual and a password by the administrator so that access to information and programs are allowed by that user only within their authority. It is a complex job and can be tackled by efficient, experienced and well-trained experts. Network security system is a combination of many computer networks which can be either public or private. It includes everyday jobs like conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Networks can also be private, such as a network dealing a specific company, and others which might be open to public access. In organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions Network security is involved so as to maintain the confidentiality of their data (King, 10). Role of Network Security: How does it protects you It performs the key role as the name indicates as quoted by (Bragg et al) : Unauthorized access: It secures the network, and does not allow any unauthorized access. Confidentiality : It also plays a chief role in protecting and overseeing operations being done and preventing their unknown user access. A Unique Name : Protection of a network resource requires the corresponding password and unique name as mentioned above in an earlier section. Executing Commands Illicitly: It is undesirable for an unknown and non-trusted individual to execute and run the commands server machines. Security system doesn’t allow any such activities. Protects the system from Viruses, worms an d Trojan horses: Many antiviruses are developed so that a secure system may be provided. Concept: The key feature of network security is allocating the user, commonly with an authentic username and a password. One-factor authentication: The password is something which known by the user only. This can he termed as one-factor authentication. Two- factor authentication: This something the user already has can also be used as his identity. For an example, A security token An ATM card Mobile phone number Any of the above belongings can be used as an individual’s identity in a secured network. Three-factor authentication: Every individual can be identified by something the user is. For an example, A fingerprint Retinal scan Firewall: It enforces access policies blocking the unauthorized network access. For instance, which services may be allowed to be accessed by the user in certain network? This feature is plays a very helpful and efficient role in preventing the unauthorized acce ss to the data. The only drawback of this component is that it way fails to detect any potentially harmful error like ‘Computer worms’ are being transmitted over the network (Radack, 215). Proxy According to Okechukwu et al.,( 480) Process of having one host act in behalf of

Memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Memoir - Essay Example Usually, I used to celebrate my birthday at home and only call my friend to wish him a happy birthday. One day, as we approached our birthdays, my friends suggested that we went hiking and celebrate surrounded by nature. That was a completely new experience for me, and I agreed. The only thing left to handle was to ask my parents whether I could do that. They allowed me to go hiking and celebrate my birthday with friends but they were upset because our tradition would be broken. I said I was old enough to decide how I wanted to celebrate. Now that I am recollecting that moment I deeply regret I said so. On the day we went hiking, the weather was perfect, and I was cheerful and optimistic. I could not wait to halt, put up tents and start celebrating my friend’s and my birthdays surrounded by nature around the campfire. I really enjoyed spending my special day with my friends; they gave us presents and said a lot of great words to us. They even managed to bring a small cake and light candles. Everything seemed to be perfect. I felt some discomfort though. At first, I thought it was caused only by the unfamiliar environment for I that was the first hike in my life. With some time passing, however, I understood what was wrong. I realized that it was not only the environment but people that made me feel that way. That discomfort was caused by the absence of my family and the atmosphere of a holiday that our house always has at such days. I have never really thought that our family ties are so strong. Also, I have never thought of myself as of a stay-at-home person. In fact, I have always thought I am not tied to my home and believed that I am able to leave it any time I want to do so. In reality, it appears that my family and the home we live in are the most important things in my life. All these memories and feelings were inspired by photos which I tend to look through from time to time. When I opened the page with the photos

Rise And Growth Of Communalism

Rise And Growth Of Communalism India has always been a hub of cultural and religious diversities and its orientation goes back in the historical times. India has a number of religions and they co-exist side by side peacefully. This diversity includes a large number of Hindu populations and a minority of Muslims. Despite this factor there had never been much of a problem between the two religions. So what led to the disputes between these two diverse religions? There is a belief that people following same religion have common thinking and cultural, social, economical and political interests. The communalist emphasizes that Hindus and Muslims cannot have common secular interests, instead their interests are bound to be opposed to each other. Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christian communalisms have similar ideologies. The rise and growth of communalism Communalism emerged as a consequence of the emergence of modern politics. As Jawaharlal Nehru said One must not forget that communalism is a latter-day phenomenon which has grown up before our eyes, which means that this ideology came into being in the recent-past and it was a result of the conditions which have in other societies produced similar ideologies and phenomenon. The consciousness of communalism in India arose under the impact of colonialism and the need to fight against the system, which was not accepted by the citizens of India during the colonial rule. The new ways of common interests started building up amongst the people because of the growing political, economic and social amalgamation of the regions, the developing opposition between colonialism and the citizens of India and the common desire to make India into a nation. This also followed from the birth of the new politics during the late 19th century. It was based on the increasing number of politicization and mob ilization of the Indians. The transformation in the ideologies was a gradual and difficult process. The process included the spread of modern ideas of cultural and linguistic development, nationalism and the need to raise voice against discrimination on the basis of region, race, religion, caste, color, etc. In the process of spreading and accepting these ideas and identities, gave a way to some other new ideas and identities. The religiousness consciousness was transformed into communal consciousness in some parts and sections of the country. This transformation took place as there were some factors that favored its growth in that situation and served these sections of the society. The ideology of communalism grew across the country during in the 20th century as it had political and socio-economic roots. The resulting economic downfall and the impact on the Indians produced conditions which were favorable to division and opposition within the society. Some of the problems like unemployment, especially for th e educated middle and lower-middle classes who could not fall back on their land and the absence of development of health, education, etc., led to socio-economic deterioration. This situation gave birth to some of the popular movements including nationalist movement, which enabled to look for long term solutions to the problems of the people by fighting against colonialism. The lower-middle and middle classes were the ones who were part of the military nationalist movement and left wing parties. But because of intense competition after the economic downfall among the individuals for jobs, the middle class individuals used other group identities such as religion, caste, region, etc. for getting a larger share of economic opportunities. Communalism benefitted these individuals in the short run but at the same time gave birth to communal politics. People started using this technique of communalism to achieve their individualistic goals. However, it played short-term and partial role in the social existence of the middle classes. Communalism often misinterpreted social tension and class conflict between the exploiters to different religions as communal conflict. Most often, the exploiting sections were the upper class Hindus and the exploited were Muslims or lower class Hindus. The Muslim communalists used to grumble that the Hindus are exploiting Muslims or the Hindu Communalists used to complain about the Muslims destroying their property. The struggle between landlords and tenants in various parts of the country also portrayed the struggle between Muslims and Hindus. The landlord-moneylender coercion, attack by rural poor on rural urban and many such cases were represented as oppressions by Muslims on Hindus or by Hindus on Muslims. One aspect of the growth of communalism in Punjab was the attempt by the higher level Muslim landlords to protect their economic and social position by using the way of communalism as revenge against the act performed by the Hindu moneylenders and traders against the Muslim ten ants to protect their threatened class interests. Communalism also enabled the colonial rulers and the upper classes to unite with the lower classes and to utilize the politics of the later to serve their own needs. The Divide and Rule policy under the rule of British bore special responsibility for the growth of communalism in modern India. But it is true that the reason for this success was the internal political and social conditions. They used communalism to counter and weaken the growing national movement. It was being portrayed as a problem of the defense of minorities by the British. The disunity between Hindus and Muslims and the need to protect the minorities and the suppression by the majority was a form of justification for protection of the British rule. An attempt was made to put caste against caste, region against region, leftist against rightist and even one class against the other. But the most successful was the communal division which survived till the end. The colonial authorities did whatever they could do by staking everything on it to make Indians fight against each other. Communalism was not developed to such an extent that it could divide the country into two, but the powerful support of the colonial rule increased the chances of division of the country. It was communalism that helped the British in influencing the workers, the middle and lower middle classes and the peasants which gradually included all the sections of the society. The peasants during the 19th century lacked the understanding of the colonial system and the social movements itself and also lacked the possession of new ideologies that we as a nation can have a concept of an alternative and self-governing society. The concept that would unite the people in a common struggle and develop political movements that would last for a long term. On 26th March 1902, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, in one of his speeches included the condition of the country, the condition of finances of the country and the poverty of the people. He came to a conclusion that the condition of the people is deteriorating gradually and its the worse in the economic history of the world. He set to analyze the budget in detail and showed how the land and other taxes had been going up even in cases of drought and famine. He asked for reduction of these taxes so that the middle and the lower middle classes would not be harassed. He was victorious as his proposal was accepted by the British government. Bharat Singhs, one of the revolutionaries, approach towards politics was very secular and he understood the conditions of the people more clearly and the danger that communalism posed to the nation and the national movement. He and his companions were against and openly opposed the suggestion that youth belonging to religious-communal organizations should be appointed as a member of the Sabha. He wrote that a new group of youth was coming forward who did not recognize any differences based on religion and saw a person as a human being and then as an Indian, instead of discriminating on the basis of religion. He admired Lala Lajpat Rai as a leader but he didnt stand by him during the last years of his life as Lajpat Rai switched to communal politics. He saw the importance of making the people free from all the mental burden of religion. A large number of revolutionaries started criticizing the colonial ideologies and some turned to Marxism, some had the idea of a socialist revolution and the others joined the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Gandhian wing of the Congress and the other Left parties. In the years following the Non-cooperation Movement, 1922, the conviction of nationalism was still alive in the hearts of the Gandhian followers, who kept the Government on its toes by not following the colonial policies and protested and fought for their rights. The colonial operations by the British colonialists in India led to growth of the communal organizations and movements. These organizations focus on promoting the interests of that particular community. Some of these organizations were Hindu Mahasabha, All India Muslim League, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, etc. Indian National Congress (INC) was found in the 1885 in order to narrow the Hindu-Muslim divide and all sorts of discrimination between Indians on the basis of religion. But Sir Sayed and many such Muslim leaders portrayed the Congress as a representative body of Hindus, so they tried to hinder the unity between Hindus and Muslims. Poor participation of Muslims in the INC proves it. The majority of number of seats was being dominated by Hindus. At the same time Hindus were against the Congress as the religious and communal leaders thought that this movement was supportive of the Western cultural assault. All India Muslim League was a movement that started by the Muslim leaders on 30th December 1906 as a proposal for a political association for the Muslims in India. The motive behind this proposal was to counter Congress influences, to protect Muslim interests and to support the British administration. The 1st meeting of this proposed entity took place in Karachi on the 20th December, 1907. It gave the Muslim leaders a platform on local, national and international levels. Khilafat Movement (1919-24), was an Islamic movement in India during the colonial rule. It was an effort by the Indian Muslim community to unite together against the Turkish Empire ruled by the Khalifa, whom the Muslims considered as the caretaker of Islam. The leaders involved the Khilafat movement fully supported the non-violent methods of Gandhi facilitating the establishment of Muslims and Hindus against colonialism. This effort formed a major threat to the British rule. This movement did not last long and resulted in violent incidents and the final outcome was deaths of many Indian and British people. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the members of the Gandhis congress party, made speeches on pressurizing Hindus and Muslims to live together, but later in 1935 when he returned to India he came up with a mission to save Indian Muslims from Hindu domination. He built up a moribund Muslim League which he later disclosed that this union was only for the Muslims. Hindu Mahasabha was a Hindu nationalist organization which was found in 1915 to oppose the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. This movement started at a small scale as a conference in Allahabad by the leading Hindus. Many socio-political problems led to emergence of Hindu Mahasabha as a communal organization. A certain section of Hindus decided to organize the Hindus with the motive of self-defense. Madan Mohan Malaviya enlightened his fellow Hindus that Muslims and Christians had been carrying on activities since a long time resulting in non-participation of Hindus. Conclusion There have been many such conflicts between Hindus and Muslims in India since the beginning of the colonial rule which may be in the form of violence or non-violence. Before the colonial rule, both the religious groups: Hindus and Muslims were able to live together peacefully. There were communal movements and conflicts in the country which were based on religious communities and strong feelings of nationalism in India during the late 19th century. Some Muslim leaders desired to call for a communal Muslim society. This belief led to initiation of a separate community for Muslims. It became very difficult for them to follow the colonial policies, culture and power. They started refusing to learn English and to associate with the British. They found that Hindus were at better positions with the British in government than they were and they started believing that they favored Hindus. On the other hand, Hindus protested against the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League as they believed that the other religious communities were getting the opportunity to participate in political events but they were neglected. The British took advantage of the disputes and misunderstandings between these two religious groups by strategizing one against the other and by favoring the seemingly more peaceful Hindus and Sikhs over the Muslims and enforcing their belief systems upon each religion. Jinnah took an astonishing decision by demanding a separate nation for Muslims in the sub-continent. Later, in the year 1947 he was rewarded with a new country, Pakistan because of the growing communal tensions.

How Electronic Commerce Is Affecting American Industry Essay example --

ELECTRONIC-Commerce How It Is Affecting American Industry The Internet over the past few years has seen a huge increase in online businesses and consumers. Electronic-commerce is expected to generate $36 billion in revenue during 1999, up 140% from last year alone.[1] With such a huge amount of money to be made on the Internet it is becoming very appealing for small businesses and start-up companies to try and make their niche in e-commerce. The Internet is drastically affecting the way companies and people conduct business now. E-commerce encourages growth in existing as well as new businesses because of lower overhead costs, the huge consumer base and the freedom of information flow. However the online revolution has created a large amount of competition for consumers between businesses despite the fact that the public does not yet have total confidence in the e-commerce market. The Internet is a free and seemingly boundless medium that is distributed to over 200 million people worldwide.[2] This creates a large market for companies that are competing on the Internet, which acts as a level playing field. Small companies can compete with larger vendors by getting their product and prices seen by anyone interested online while not being limited by their locale or to just their local area consumers. Another reason why e-commerce is so attractive are the low star-up costs required to start a company. A basic site can be created with as little as a couple hundred dollars, a computer and a little imagination. A business can then be run from a home or network instead of a large expensive building where many employees and machines are needed. Because of this online businesses can sell their products for much less by passing their ... ... Internet shopping is expected to increase by at least 50% into the millennium, which leaves much room for growth and new opportunities for new and adventurous companies.[4] E-commerce has opened up a new market in American industry that is forcing companies to become part of the online revolution or suffer the consequences in the long run. The freedom of the Internet combined with the huge amounts of information make for a more easily accessible environment that will revolutionize the way all business is conducted in the future. Notes 1. Shop.org. 30 October 1999. http://www.shop.org/nr/99/071999.html 2. NUA - Internet Surveys. 03 November 1999. http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/index.html 3. C-Net. 1997. 30 October 1999. http://sellitontheweb.com/ezine/news0296.shtml 4. C-Net. 31 October 30, 1999. http://sellitontheweb.com/ezine/news0310.shtml

American Economy

In a broad sense, the macroeconomic policies developed and implemented by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) are those which regulate the national supply of money. Either through foreign exchange operations, or management of public funds, the Fed seeks to maintain the level of money supply in ways that would sustain stable inflation rates. It should be noted that while Fed’s macroeconomic policies tend to impact aggregate demand and GDP these are primarily short-term effects, with the rate of inflation being the main long-term target of any monetary policy.Now, in conditions of the growing financial crisis, it is more than important to reconsider and reevaluate the effects of the major Fed’s macroeconomic policies on the major sectors of the U. S. economy. Given the instability of the current financial and housing markets, this analysis is expected to become the source of useful policy recommendations in short and long run. American Economy Introduction In a broad sense, mac roeconomic policies developed and implemented by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) are those which regulate the national supply of money.Either through foreign exchange operations, or management of public funds, the Fed seeks to maintain the level of money supply in ways that would sustain stable inflation rates. It should be noted that while Fed’s macroeconomic policies tend to impact aggregate demand and GDP these are primarily short-term effects, with the rate of inflation being the main long-term target of any monetary policy. Now, in conditions of the growing financial crisis, it is more than important to reconsider and reevaluate the effects of the major Fed’s macroeconomic policies on the major sectors of the U.S. economy. Given the instability of the current financial and housing markets, this analysis is expected to become the source of useful policy recommendations in short and long run. Monetary policies have long been the issue of the Fed’s major concern . Through the prism of numerous monetary factors, the Fed used to evaluate the causes and consequences of particular monetary decisions and their effects on economic behaviors. The truth is, however, that in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the macroeconomic policies in the U. S., a detailed review of the structural factors that stand behind the current economic crisis is required. The combination of the housing and credit crunch drivers needs to be reconsidered, to realize the real-life implications of all monetary initiatives the Fed has been able to implement over the course of the last three years. To start with, the current economic crisis originates from the strategic change in equilibrium within housing markets, as well as the decline in house prices â€Å"as the market gives back the excessive part of the rise in real house prices – the part not justified by realized rentals† (Wu, 2008).These structural shifts have obviously impacted the situation with em ployment, banking, and construction. Another set of structural factors is readily visible in the financial sector, where subprime mortgages and the following illiquidity and reduced supply of loans have led the banks to the need for increasing their assets and making their share prices vulnerable to even the slightest changes in business sector (Kutter & Mosser, 2007).The slowdown of productivity, the decreasing value of business and economic expectations, and oil prices have also contributed in the expansion of the current financial crisis, which is more the result of structural shifts in global and national economy, rather than the direct consequence of ineffective monetary approaches. In this context, the natural question is what the Fed has done to decrease the negative impact of financial crisis on the major sectors of business and economy, and whether Fed’s macroeconomic policies in their traditional form remain relevant in the changing financial and economic conditions .Since the end of 2006 and up to the beginning of 2009, the gradual increase of the Fed’s reserve balances has been the distinctive feature of the Fed’s response to the expanding economic crisis. The increase in reserve balances have become particularly visible and sharp by the end of 2008, when the Fed faced a serious need to provide banks and business entities with additional liquidity instruments and loans (Lacker, 2009). In a very short-time period, the Fed has increased the reserve balances supply by over 100-fold, with the latter reaching the amount of $848 billion (Boivin & Giannoni, 2008).Purchasing securities and providing financial institutions with guaranteed loans was one of the reasons for such sharp reserve balances increase, but beyond that, the Fed sought to finance its loan activities by creating additional money. It should be noted here, that with the need to obtain additional financial instruments, the Fed can follow the three different pathways: cre ating money, borrowing funds from the U. S. treasury, and issuing debt (Gilpin, 2008).Selling government securities is just another option the Fed can utilize to obtain additional funds. Importantly, with the emergence of the economic threats and during the first months of crisis the Fed chose to follow the fourth path, adjusting its portfolio to its economic and financial needs by selling off government securities, but with the amount of government securities being insufficient to maintain financial and monetary stability in the U. S. , the Fed has come to realize the need for creating new money.In the light of the essential structural shifts, and given the long-term impacts which the process of creating new money produces on all areas of economic activity, these macroeconomic policy decisions have already turned into the source of increasing professional concerns, and there are several reasons for that. First, the effectiveness of federal reserves increase seems doubtful due to th e inflationary trends with which it is usually associated. Under the impact of falling commodity prices, when inflation risks seem at least improbable, the Fed nevertheless should not lose the sense of caution.The fact is that when the need withdraw the funds and to reduce the amount of federal reserves arises, the Fed is likely to face another inflationary challenge, and whether it is able to avoid long-term increase in prices will depend on the moment the Fed chooses for reducing the amount of funds (Boivin & Giannoni, 2008). Second, Gilpin (2008) suggests that as long as the Fed is increasingly involved into selective financing as a part of its macroeconomic initiatives, the Fed’s independence from other governmental institutions becomes irrelevant and at least doubtful.Rudebusch (2008) writes that â€Å"the recent request by the Treasury for the Fed to assist in creating a Consumer and Business Loan Initiative is certainly reminiscent of the request by Treasury for the F ed to help out in its own borrowing operations before the Accord of 1950†. Thus, whether the Fed acts in accordance with macroeconomic principles or follows the recommendations and requirements of Congress will also determine its consistence as the central financial body and as the source of the major macroeconomic initiatives.Finally, as Congress is trying to tie the Fed to its authoritative decisions, and the Fed does not look beyond the need for creating additional money and applying selective funding principles, the only effect the Fed has been able to produce is proving its inability to act as an independent financial body. The problem is that against the continuous success of its expansionary initiatives and the absence of deep recessions, the Fed found itself in the midst of predictable policies and workable macroeconomic guidelines.Since the end of 2006, however, those guidelines and policies have gradually lost their effectiveness (Rudebusch, 2008). Scholars and profe ssionals in economics recognize the declining effectiveness of the major Fed’s initiatives: the Fed is no longer able to produce immediate positive effects on the interest rates; the benefits of the major macroeconomic initiatives have been muted by the mortgage securities market issues; investors are disappointed with the recent Fed’s decisions – all these factors significantly contribute into the expansion of the current financial crisis, making the financial image of the Fed even more negative.Until present, the ineffective macroeconomic activity of the Fed has only led to re-appreciation and reconsideration of the benefits of fiscal stimuli and responses to the changing economic conditions. Against the inconsistency of the Fed’s decisions, the scope of the Fed’s operations was limited to adjusting federal funds rate and issuing additional financial instruments. Federal Reserve lending in the broader macroeconomic contexts has also become the to pic of increasing professional interest.In response to recent slowdown, the Fed has developed a whole set of lending initiatives, which either targeted specific groups of assets, or specific business entities or institutions, or implied the need for standard discount window lending (Lacker, 2009). From the viewpoint of macroeconomics and the long-term impact which these interventions tend to produce, before the middle of 2008 the Fed had been working to provide lending in ways that would not increase the monetary base but would instead redirect additional bank reserves to cover its lending commitments.Since the end of October 2008, however, the Fed has no longer been able to maintain its monetary base unchanged, and had to combine its lending ideas with additional monetary stimuli (Lacker, 2009). These lending programs have been effective to the extent that changed the balance of credit in specific markets, and â€Å"while some market segments benefit from reduced funding costs, ot hers may actually see their costs rise as credit is diverted to those markets that have been targeted by support† (Lacker, 2009).In relation to lending, it is essential to note that over the last three years the Federal Reserve intentionally chose to conduct its monetary interventions with the help of the federal funds rate, which provides the Fed with an increasingly active position regarding macroeconomic policies in the U. S. By changing the discount rate, the Fed gives financial institutions a chance and the right to borrow directly from the Fed, and the Fed’s board can either approve or deny the loan (Gilpin, 2008).The situation is similar with other lending initiatives, but when it comes to supporting specific business entities or markets, the Fed risks losing its independence and faces a decision-making challenge of cooperation with Congress. More than that, with lending being one of the major macroeconomic operations initiated by the Fed in the last 3 years, pro fessionals have come to realize the inconsistence and the distorted vision of the Fed with regard to discount rate as the central policy instrument.In other words, where financial institutions seek to replenish the lack of liquidity, they prefer borrowing overnight, thus leaving the Fed no time to review the real financial needs of financial institutions (Krugman, 2007). As a result, it was not before the middle of 2007 that the Fed has become concerned about the decreasing liquidity of its assets and the need to reduce the discount rate for primary credit.Since that time, the Fed continuously supported its â€Å"federal funds rate reduce† line, which suggests that reducing discount and federal funds rates was one of the least ineffective macroeconomic approaches and did not extend beyond producing short-term positive impacts on financial and commodity markets (Yuan & Zimmerma, 2008). The structural forces that currently govern the economic and financial balance in the U. S. and the world inevitably impact the so-called natural interest rates, of which the Fed seems unaware.That means that while the current rate of return on equities is above 5. 5%, it is also much higher than the policy rates which the Fed adjusts to make them fit to the current rates of inflation (Gilpin, 2008). Furthermore, given that the origins of the current economic crisis lay within the limits of the housing markets, it is very probable that â€Å"what will be driving real rates of interest once the economy settles into its new growth path is the rate that households require on loans† (Krugman, 2007).Thus, in its credit initiatives, the Fed has obviously neglected a whole set of important factors, which make its macroeconomic policies at least irrelevant. While the Fed seeks to expand the liquidity of available funds by maintaining interest rates at the levels close to zero, it distorts the macroeconomic balance. The fact is that against the reduced wealth levels and the growing negative expectations, the expected rates of interest in future will be much higher than the Fed currently promotes (Krugman, 2007).With the growing need for funds on the side of financial and business entities, the Fed is likely to face the crisis of expectations, where it is either unable to maintain sustainable interest rates or fails to provide businesses with sufficient amount of financial assets. Thus, whether the Fed is able to promote the success of its major macroeconomic initiatives depends on its ability to timely review its macroeconomic attempts and to adjust them to real-life market contexts.In the light of the increasing inefficiency of the major Fed’s interventions, special attention needs to be paid to the so-called moral hazard problem. â€Å"Safety net support for financial institutions encourages private market participants to view some institutions as ‘too big to fail’ and weakens those institutions’ incentive to monitor and m anage the risks they face in their business strategies and financial market transactions† (Gilpin, 2008); as a result, this inattentiveness to the major market risks weakens financial and business institutions and increases the cost of this financial protection.In other words, while the Fed pursues the need to reduce the cost of credit for ultimate borrowers by providing financial and credit institutions with additional financial assets, it unintentionally leads these institutions undertake higher additional risks than they otherwise would be willing to recognize (Lacker, 2009). As a result, the cost of borrowing substantially increases, leaving these institutions in the need to absorb the effects of moral hazard without external support.Does that mean that the Fed has initially chosen a wrong macroeconomic path? This question lacks a single and obvious answer, and while many financial institutions and business entities will require expanding the range of available liquid reso urces by using federal funds, a stronger regulatory basis and strict system of monitoring could significantly increase the efficiency of all macroeconomic policies aimed at reducing the negative impact of the current financial crisis. ConclusionThe Federal Reserve has appeared completely unprepared to facing the challenges of the expanding economic crisis. Despite the relevance of the new liquidity mechanisms and the Fed’s striving to expand the range of available financial instruments, these measures will hardly be effective in the long run. Moreover, given the undue risks financial institutions and business entities undertake and the limitedness of the Fed’s financial resources, its current macroeconomic initiatives are likely to become counter effective in the U.S. striving to preserve its leading position among the major economic powers. In this context, strict regulation and a well-developed system of federal monitoring will increase the effectiveness of all Fedâ €™s initiatives at the macroeconomic level. References Boivin, J. & Giannoni, M. P. (2008). Has monetary policy become more effective? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90 (3): 445-462. Gilpin, R. (2008). Global political economy: Understanding the international economic order.Orient Longman. Lacker, J. (2009). Government lending and monetary policy. The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved April 1, 2009 from http://www. richmondfed. org/press_room/speeches/president_jeff_lacker/2009/lacker_speech_20090302. cfm Krugman, P. (2007). Thinking of the liquidity trap. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 14 (4): 331-337. Kuttner, K. N. & Mosser, P. (2007). The monetary policy transmission mechanism: Some answers and further questions.Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 8 (1): 15-26. Rudebusch, G. & Wu, T. (2008). A macro-finance model of the monetary policy and the economy. Economic Journal, 118 (530): 906-926. Wu, T. (2008). On the ef fectiveness of the Federal Reserve’s new liquidity facilities. Elsevier, 52 (4): 745-777. Yuan, M. & Zimmerman, C. (2008). Credit crunch, bank lending, and monetary policy: A model of financial intermediation with heterogeneous projects. Springer, 29 (1): 244-265.